Direct and Indirect speech

 

Direct Speech

Direct speech repeats or quotes the exact words that the person said. when people use direct speech in written form, They put the spoken words between marks (""), and these words are unchanged. it is like a telephone conversation.

Some examples are:

As you can see in the example, there is a part called indirect speech. This is the opposite of direct speech.

Indirect Speech 

Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. So, people usually change the tense of the words spoken. In indirect speech, people use words such as "Tell", "Say", "Ask", and the word "that" to emphasis what the person said, and in the written way, people do not use commas.

It is important to take into account that each verb tense has a specific time when what someone said is reported.

In that image, you can see each tense in direct speech, and how they change in indirect speech

Video

Transitive and Intransitive verbs

 

Transitive Verbs 

Transitive verbs are used with a direct object. They require an object. these objects respond to the questions What oy Who (m). For example:

I pass.

For this example, there is information that is missing. We can ask to pass what?

This sentence needs an object to complete the sentence. the object could be a noun or a pronoun. Like, I pass the written test. As we can see the sentence is complete because people can know what the person passes.

There are some transitive verbs like these:

Intransitive verbs 

On the other hand, intransitive verbs do not use a direct object. They express complete ideas.

For example:

I Smiled.

In this case, we can not have an object because the verb is smiled. So, it is not require something else. 

Some intransitive verbs are:

Video

Coordinating Conjunctions

 First, It is important to know what a conjunction is.

Conjunctions are words that connect sentences. They can be called connectors or connectives. In this case, we are going to write about coordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions 

Coordinating conjunctions are usually used between words or sentences to link them, so it can be found in the middle of a sentence, not at the begging or at the end of the sentences. they are also known as FANBOYS.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions using in grammar English. They are:

                                                   For

                                                   And

                                                   Nor 

                                                   But

                                                   Or

                                                   Yet

                                                   So

Each coordinating conjunctions have a specific function when is used in a sentence.

For

It is used to show why something happens.

Example:

I like to go to the movies, for I love to see new movies.

And

        It is used to join two sentences that are similar.

Example:

I will buy clothes, and my mon will buy food.}

Nor

          It is usually to join two similar sentences, but in this case in a negative way. Generally, it is used with Neither. 

• I did not like the movie nor did my sister.

But

            It is usually used to show the contrast between the two clauses. 

Example:

   I would like to go to the beach on vacation, but my family decided to go to the mountain.

Or

            This gives options or alternatives.

Example:

You can go to the river, or you can enjoy the day at home.

Yet

            It is used for contrast. The same as but.

Example:

I am allergic to cats, yet I have three of them

So

           So is used to show the result or the consequence of something.

Example:

I am vegetarian, so I do not eat any meat.

if you notice all the coordinating conjunctions have a comma before. it is important to take it into account.

If you want to spend your knowledge, you can watch this video

Adjetive, Adverb, and Noun clauses

 

First of all, it is important to know that a dependent clause cannot stand by itself. But, an independent clause could stay alone.

 Adjective Clause

It is a subordinate clause that describes a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

• The reason why Maria goes to music lessons every day is that she loves all the topics.

• Dancing, which is her favorite hobby, is tiresome.

Adverb Clause

It is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.

Examples:

• Juan Pablo won the course because he worked hard.

• My parents will go to the church even if it rains. 

Noun clause

It is a subordinate clause used as a noun.

It can be used in different ways like:

•   Subject as a direct object and an indirect object.
•   An object of a preposition.
•   Predicate noun.

Examples:

• I will pay attention carefully to whatever she said.

• How she might say that was a surprise to me.

Cause and Effect

 

•  COVID-19 spreads from person to person through respiratory droplets; therefore, people use a facial mask to prevent it.

• In Costa Rica, students take virtual classes since the pandemic has changed the way people learn.

• Because of the increased COVID-19 cases in our country, the health ministry implements social distancing as prevention. 

• The effect of becoming infected is to keep yourself in quarantine.

• People with chronic respiratory diseases are part of a high-risk population group because the risk of death may increase.

Time Essay Practice

 

Practice 13

 1. Usually, volcano eruptions follow several earthquakes. However, last month, one eruption occurred after period with minimal earthquake activity.

 2. Usually, volcano eruptions follow several earthquakes. For example, in the 24-hour period before the eruption in May, nine earthquakes were recorded.

3. At many U.S universities, female students dramatically outnumber males, so college administrations are considering how to attract more male students.

  4. Many students have to decide whether to go to college full-time and take out a student loan, or they could go to college part-time and get a job.

  5. Dancers develop a sense of balance and a sense of grace. 

6. Two of the boys speak Finnish because they study at Finnish school on the weekends.   

Practice 15

1. Any time I work on my computer for more than three hours, my eyes get tired, my neck hurts, and my shoulders get tight. Usually, my mother has to remind me to take a break.

2. Since we live in a large apartment building, I know a lot of other kids who are my age, and we can always find something to do.

3. Sometimes I cannot answer the teacher’s question. Even though I know the answers.

4. Members of varsity sports teams are not supposed to hold part-time jobs, but it is not legal for the school district to forbid them.

5. It is not legal for the school district to forbid them to have jobs because I like an unspoken rule.

6.  Most of the crossword puzzles in this book are so long, so  I cannot do them at once. Therefore, I have to go back once or twice or sometimes even times even three times to get all the word.

Responding to a reading

Written Communication IV

Heidy Soto / B87789

Brenda Obando / B95642 

Outline

Video Games Consequences

1. Introduction: Video games are popular on children, but parents sometimes do not pay attention to what their kids play or see. 

2. Thesis Statement: Video games could cause violence and bad performance in school, so parents should implement rules that could help them to control the kind of games that kids play and the time that children spend playing, in order to not have bad consequences on them. 

3. Paragraph 1

Spending a lot of time playing video games could cause bad consequences on kids, such as violence and bad performance. 

1. Video games teach bad values to kids.

1. Racism 

2. Bloody scenes

                B.  Children are not focused in school.  

1. Bad scores

2. Students do not study as necessary. 

 

4. Paragraph 2

Parents can do different activities in order to video games do not affect the children’s behavior.

1.  Establish video games schedules

1. Parents should allow their children to play video games after they finish their homework.

2. Parents should not allow their children to play video games before they go to bed.

2.  Suggest alternatives

1. Do outdoor activities 

2. Promote reading

5. Conclusion

Video Game Consequences

Video games are popular on children, nowadays it is a hobby for a lot of people. Those kinds of games could help people to solve stress problems, but it requires responsibility because some video games have improper images or violent objectives.  Also, the most important problem is that sometimes parents do not pay attention to what their children play or see. So,  video games could cause violence and bad performance in school, for this reason parents should implement rules that could help them to control the kind of games that kids play and the time that children spend playing, in order to not have bad consequences on them. 

Video games could help parents to entertain their kids, but it could bring consequences on their behavior. Spending a lot of time playing video games could cause bad consequences on kids, such as violence and bad performance. First,  video games teach bad values to children. Some of those games teach people racism, it means that, most of the time their objective is to kill black people or black people are created as bad people who kill or steal others. For this reason, unconsciously children are learning that black people are bad and responsable of deaths and robberies. Then, video games contained bloody scenes. So, children started to be familiarized with blood and they could learn to see that kill is a normal action. In addition, kids could start to learn that with violence, the problem would be solved. Second, children could not be focused on school. According to Nichols (2017) video games could influence brain behavior and affect attention because it requires the use of some zones of the brain (para. 8 and 9) .  Sometimes students spend a lot of time playing games that they start to get bad scores, it happens because parents do not give them rules related to the use of consols.  Such as Steinberg (2010) who mentioned Lehrer (n.d.) said “Some of the complaints that games destroy a child's ability to concentrate or do harm to the developing brain are silly” (para.19).  Finally, learners prefer to spend time playing than doing other things. In other words, most of the students do not study as it is necessary, they do not school as a priority. For this reason, children have bad performance and bad scores in school. To conclude, video games could affect children in many ways, such as teaching them bad values. They could learn racism, also kids could learn to see violence as something normal. On the other hand, spending a lot of time playing could cause bad performance and bad scores in school.  

     In her article Shaffer, (2007) mentions that when children play violent games for a long time, these kinds of games can cause high levels of aggression. For this reason, parents have to do something different with their children. First of all, parents should establish some rules to play video games, and children have to follow them. it is important to determine when and where parents will allow and prohibit the use of video games. For instance, they can limit the play hours to only weekends or friday afternoons, when kids or teens do not have many obligations, or they can establish half an hour on weekdays after the child finishes the school homework and the study time. it is important that the children know the time allowed to play, that they can see how long they have been playing, and how long they have left to finish playing. Also, kids and teens should not play video games before going to bed because when they exposure to television screens, tablets, and mobile phones have levels of melatonin that it can regulate sleep cycles, so the bright light emitted by these displays can cause insomnia or sleep disturbances at night. On the other hand, investing a lot of time in video games is not good for the health of children, for this reason, parents should suggest them to do physical activity outdoors. According to (Boj, et.al, 2018) said that “Besides, being exposed to nature and spending time outdoors has also beneficial effects for health; years of study have proven that nature offers physical, social and psychological benefits that range from reducing mortality” (p.2). Going outdoors to do different activities such as excursions to the park, excursions to the mountains, going out to ride a bicycle are healthy ways to play. In addition, it helps that children can develop new skills and gain new knowledge. However, children can do activities inside the house. Parents can promote reading because nowadays, children and teens do not like to read, so when parents tell their children that they have to read an hour per day, it would help them to make reading a habit in their lives.

      In conclusion, video games are bad for children and teens, since in most video games children can learn to relate the situations that they watch in video games with real life. In addition, it does not teach them good values, such as racism. Also, video games can blur children from their studies, since they spend a lot of time playing, and make studying a second option, this situation causes them to obtain bad grades. But to change this, parents can make schedules, and they can establish rules that are not broken. In addition, to counteract the effects of video games, parents can do different activities with their children, so that they learn new abilities and obtain new knowledge.

References

Boj, C., Díaz, D. J., Portalés, C., & Casas, S. (2018). Video games and outdoor physical activity for the elderly: Applications of the HybridPLAY technology. Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1912. Retrieved from:

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/10/1912

Nichols, H. (2017). How video games affect the brain. Retrieved from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318345

Steinberg, S. (2010). Why does the media still think video games are bad for kids?. Retrieved from: http://edition.cnn.com/2010/TECH/gaming.gadgets/07/28/debate.kids.games/index.html